Policy Actor Participation and Engagement in SWRM: To foster interaction between local policy actors and the ECSWRM implementation at six sites (two per country), leading to more responsive policy measures for smallscale water resource management (SWRM).

Enhanced Knowledge and Skills of SWRM: To upskill and enhance the knowledge of 150 farmer leaders from six community organizations (two per country) in smallscale water resource management (SWRM) through the implementation of ECSWRM.

Extension of Knowledge Sharing through Farmers’ Operating Platforms: To promote three community organizations and twelve individual farms as good practices or prototypes of smallscale water resource management (SWRM) for further learning and knowledge sharing through visits, social media, or other dissemination methods.

Increased visibility of small-scale water resource management (SWRM) in existing coordinating platforms.

Improved livelihoods of smallholders, ensuring their viability and well-being.

Reduced stress on water-related environments and ecosystems through efficient water use, enhancing environmental sustainability.

The X-Water project identified key trends such as population transitions and diverse livelihoods in agricultural communities across Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Thailand. Research also highlighted challenges in rice farming due to market price fluctuations and high input costs, as well as reliance on rainwater, which leads to water shortages.

Through stakeholder collaboration involving local governments, farmers, and organizations, stakeholder meetings provided insights into diverse needs and limitations. Issues discussed included concerns about water quality and low product prices in Lao PDR, water supply for rice and canal maintenance costs in Cambodia, and government water management policies in Thailand.